Assay Kits

Cluster of differentiation 38 (CD38), also known as cyclic ADP ribose hydrolase is a type II transmembrane glycoprotein that can function either as a receptor or as an enzyme. It is found on the surface of many immune cells, including plasma B cells, natural killer cells, CD4+, CD8+ etc. It is a multifunctional enzyme involved in cell-adhesion, calcium signaling and Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+) metabolism. The hydrolase activity of CD38 helps maintain the appropriate levels of NAD+ for all NAD+ dependent metabolic processes to occur. Elevated levels of CD38 are associated with aging, obesity, diabetes, heart disease, asthma, inflammation and tumorigenesis etc. CD38 (Hydrolase) Activity Assay Kit provides an easy, quick and sensitive method to detect CD38 (hydrolase) activity in various sample types. The kit utilizes the ability of active CD38 to catalyze the conversion of a selective CD38 substrate to a fluorescent product measured at Ex/Em = 300/410 nm.

Internucleosomal DNA fragmentation is a hallmark of apoptosis in mammalian cells. Enhanced Apoptotic DNA Ladder Detection Kit provides an easy and sensitive means for detecting DNA fragmentation in apoptotic cells. Unlike other commercially available kits that require 1-2 days to perform the procedure, the new detection method requires less than 90 minutes to prepare DNA, with neither extraction nor using columns. DNA fragmentation can be easily visualized by agarose gel electrophoreses stained with a highly sensitive dye.

Estradiol (E2 or 17β-estradiol) is the predominant female reproductive hormone secreted by the ovaries. Smaller amounts of estradiol are also produced by the adrenal cortex, and by the testes in men. Estradiol E2 (huamn) ELISA Kit is based on the standard principle of a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Human Estradiol E2 antibody is coated on a 96-well plate. Standards and test samples are added to the wells and Estradiol E2 present in a sample is bound by the immobilized antibody. An HRP-conjugate reagent is added subsequently. After washing away the unbound antibody/HRP conjugates, HRP substrate TMB is used to visualize the HRP enzymatic reaction. TMB is catalyzed by HRP to produce a blue product that changes into yellow after adding acidic stop solution. The density of yellow color is proportional to the human Estradiol E2 captured onto the plate. This ELISA kit shows no species cross-reactivity. Detection Range: 2 – 50 pmol/L.

Estradiol (E2 or 17β-estradiol) is the predominant female reproductive hormone secreted by the ovaries. Smaller amounts of estradiol are also produced by the adrenal cortex and by the testes. Estradiol E2 (rat) ELISA Kit is based on the standard principle of a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Rat Estradiol E2 antibody is coated on a 96-well plate. Standards and test samples are added to the wells and Estradiol E2 present in a sample is bound by the immobilized antibody. An HRP-conjugate reagent is added subsequently. After washing away the unbound antibody/HRP conjugates, HRP substrate TMB is used to visualize the HRP enzymatic reaction. TMB is catalyzed by HRP to produce a blue product that changes into yellow after adding acidic stop solution. The density of yellow color is proportional to the rat Estradiol E2 captured onto the plate. This ELISA kit shows no species cross-reactivity. Detection Range: 2 – 50 ng/L.

Fibronectin is a 430 KDa dimeric glycoprotein that exists in 2 forms - cellular and plasma fibronectin. Fibronectin ( human) ELISA Kit is based on the standard principle of a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A rabbit polyclonal antibody specific for human Fibronectin is coated on a 96-well plate. Standards and test samples are added to the wells and Fibronectin present in a sample is bound by the immobilized antibody. A biotinylated polyclonal antibody from goat specific for Fibronectin is added subsequently. After washing away the unbound biotinylated antibody with PBS or TBS buffer, avidin-Biotin-Peroxidase Complex is added to the wells. The wells are again washed with PBS or TBS buffer to remove the unbound conjugates. HRP substrate TMB is used to visualize the HRP enzymatic reaction. TMB is catalyzed by HRP to produce a blue product that changes into yellow after adding acidic stop solution. The density of yellow color is proportional to the human Fibronectin captured onto the plate. This ELISA kit shows no cross-reactivity with other relevant proteins. Detection Range: 156 pg/mL – 10,000 pg/mL. Sensitivity: < 10 pg/mL.

Fibronectin is a 430 KDa dimeric glycoprotein that exists in 2 forms - cellular and plasma fibronectin. Fibronectin (mouse ) ELISA Kit is based on the standard principle of a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A rat monoclonal antibody specific for mouse Fibronectin is coated on a 96-well plate. Standards and test samples are added to the wells and Fibronectin present in a sample is bound by the immobilized antibody. A biotinylated polyclonal antibody from goat specific for Fibronectin is added subsequently. After washing away the unbound biotinylated antibody with PBS or TBS buffer, avidin-Biotin-Peroxidase Complex is added to the wells. The wells are again washed with PBS or TBS buffer to remove the unbound conjugates. HRP substrate TMB is used to visualize the HRP enzymatic reaction. TMB is catalyzed by HRP to produce a blue product that changes into yellow after adding acidic stop solution. The density of yellow color is proportional to the mouse Fibronectin captured onto the plate. This ELISA kit shows no cross-reactivity with other relevant proteins. Detection Range: 156 pg/mL – 10,000 pg/mL. Sensitivity: < 15 pg/mL.

Fibronectin is a 430 KDa dimeric glycoprotein that exists in 2 forms - cellular and plasma fibronectin. Fibronectin (rat) ELISA Kit is based on the standard principle of a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A mouse monoclonal antibody specific for rat Fibronectin is coated on a 96-well plate. Standards and test samples are added to the wells and Fibronectin present in a sample is bound by the immobilized antibody. A biotinylated polyclonal antibody from goat specific for Fibronectin is added subsequently. After washing away the unbound biotinylated antibody with PBS or TBS buffer, avidin-Biotin-Peroxidase Complex is added to the wells. The wells are again washed with PBS or TBS buffer to remove the unbound conjugates. HRP substrate TMB is used to visualize the HRP enzymatic reaction. TMB is catalyzed by HRP to produce a blue product that changes into yellow after adding acidic stop solution. The density of yellow color is proportional to the rat Fibronectin captured onto the plate. This ELISA kit shows no cross-reactivity with other relevant proteins. Detection Range: 156 pg/mL – 10,000 pg/mL. Sensitivity: < 15 pg/mL.

Folic acid (also called folate or vitamin B9) belongs to one of the antioxidative water-soluble B vitamins. Folic acid is an essential vitamin and human need to get it from the diet. It is naturally abundant in many foods but it is particularly enriched in dark green vegetables and liver. The main functions of folic acid are to synthesize nucleic acids and metabolize amino acids for cell division. Folic acid is also suggested to be critical for promoting fertility and preventing heart diseases. Folate deficiency may cause diarrhea, depression, confusion, anemia, and fetal neural tube defects. The traditional techniques/instruments (HPLC or GC-MS) for detecting folic acid are complex, expensive, laborious, and time-consuming. Immunoassay techniques, such as ELISA, are commonly preferred as a simple, reliable and rapid methods. Folic Acid ELISA Kit is a competitive-based ELISA that detects folic acid in tissues, urine and serum. This detection kit offers ready-to-use reagents, and can quantify a broad range of folic acid (2 – 250 ng/mL) within 90 minutes.

The Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase (GGT; EC 2.3.2.2) is an enzyme that transfers gamma-glutamyl functional groups. It is found in many tissues, the most notable one being the liver, and has significance in medicine as a diagnostic marker. Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase Assay Kit provides a convenient tool for sensitive detection of the GGT in a variety of samples. The GGT in sample will recognize L-γ-Glutamyl-AMC as a specific substrate leading to proportional fluorescence development. The activity of GGT can be easily quantified fluorometrically (Ex/Em = 365/460 nm). This assay detects GGT activity as low as 0.02 mIU in sample.

Glutamate Decarboxylase (GAD; EC 4.1.1.15, also called Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase) is a pyridoxal phosphate-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the irreversible decarboxylation of L-Glutamate to carbon dioxide and γ-Aminobutyroc Acid (GABA). GAD plays an important role in plants and mammals. GAD activity is associated with plant viability (as measured by germination) and organ development. In humans, GAD is expressed in the brain and β cells of the pancreas namely GAD65 and GAD67. In human brain, GAD is the rate-limiting enzyme for generating GABA, the main inhibitory neurotransmitter of the central nervous system. Alterations in the level of GAD or GABA leads to many neurological disorders such as Parkinson’s disease, anxiety and epilepsy. GAD is one of the strongest autoantigen that triggers T-cell-mediated autoimmune diabetes in human pancreas. Recent studies have shown that the administration of adeno-associated virus-GAD gene therapy in Parkinson’s patients reduces the symptoms of the disease. Additionally, suppression of GAD expression in β cells results in the prevention of diabetes in mouse model. Thus, the study of GAD can be used to develop novel treatment strategies for neurological disorders and type 1 diabetes. In Glutamate Decarboxylase Activity Assay Kit, GAD decarboxylases L-Glutamate in the presence of Pyridoxal Phosphate to produce CO2 and GABA intermediates. The intermediates then go through a series of enzymatic reactions to form NADPH, which converts the non-fluorescent probe to a fluorescent product measured at Ex/Em = 535/587 nm. The activity of GAD is proportional to the fluorescent signal. Glutamate Decarboxylase Activity Assay Kit offers a rapid, simple, sensitive, and reliable test for detecting GAD activity as low as 0.01 µU in samples.

Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) (1.4.1.2) is a hexameric enzyme that catalyzes the reversible conversion of glutamate to α-ketoglutarate and ammonia while reducing NAD+ to NADH. Glutamate can be converted to α-ketoglutarate by GDH and then fluxed into the TCA cycle where it can be used to support oxidative phosphorylation, production of lipids, or to replenish key intermediates such as oxaloacetate. It is a key enzyme in the glutamine metabolic pathway. Overexpression of GDH has been shown to promote cell proliferation, migration and invasion in several tumors such as colorectal cancer. The increased reliance on glutamine metabolism makes GDH a target for therapeutic intervention in cancer. GDH inhibitors have been shown to be toxic for cancer cells in vitro. In Glutamate Dehydrogenase inhibitor screening Kit, Glutamate is deaminated by GDH producing NADH, which converts a non-fluorescent probe to a fluorescent product in the presence of enzyme mix that is detected fluorometrically at Ex/Em = 535/587 nm. The kit provides a rapid, simple, sensitive plate based test, which is also suitable for high-throughput screening of GDH inhibitors.

Glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1) functions in the detoxification of hydrogen peroxide, and is one of the most important antioxidant enzymes in humans. GPX1 protects the hemoglobin in erythrocytes from oxidative breakdown. GPX1 ELISA kit is a sandwich ELISA assay for the quantitative measurement of human GPX1 in serum, plasma and cell culture supernatants. The density of color is proportional to the amount of GPX1 captured from the samples.

Glutathione reductase (GR) is a member of pyridine nucleotide-disulfide oxidoreductases, which includes the closely related enzymes thioredoxin reductase, lipoamide dehydrogenase, trypanothione reductase and mercuric ion reductase. It plays a role in maintaining glutathione (GSH) in its reduced form by catalyzing the reduction of glutathione disulfide (GSSG). In most eukaryotic cells, GR maintains the ratio of [GSH]/[GSSG] elevated, and participates in several vital functions such as the detoxification of reactive oxygen species as well as protein and DNA biosynthesis. Glutathione Reductase ELISA kit is a sandwich ELISA assay for the quantitative measurement of GR in human serum, plasma and cell culture supernatants. The density of color is proportional to the amount of GR captured from the samples.

Glutathione reductase (GR) is a member of pyridine nucleotide-disulfide oxidoreductases, which includes the closely related enzymes thioredoxin reductase, lipoamide dehydrogenase, trypanothione reductase and mercuric ion reductase. It plays a role in maintaining glutathione (GSH) in its reduced form by catalyzing the reduction of glutathione disulfide (GSSG). In most eukaryotic cells, GR maintains the ratio of [GSH]/[GSSG] elevated, and participates in several vital functions such as the detoxification of reactive oxygen species as well as protein and DNA biosynthesis. Glutathione Reductase ELISA kit is a sandwich ELISA assay for the quantitative measurement of GR in rat serum, plasma and cell culture supernatants. The density of color is proportional to the amount of GR captured from the samples.

Glutathione reductase (GR) is a member of pyridine nucleotide-disulfide oxidoreductases, which includes the closely related enzymes thioredoxin reductase, lipoamide dehydrogenase, trypanothione reductase and mercuric ion reductase. It plays a role in maintaining glutathione (GSH) in its reduced form by catalyzing the reduction of glutathione disulfide (GSSG). In most eukaryotic cells, GR maintains the ratio of [GSH]/[GSSG] elevated, and participates in several vital functions such as the detoxification of reactive oxygen species as well as protein and DNA biosynthesis. Glutathione Reductase ELISA kit is a sandwich ELISA assay for the quantitative measurement of GR in mouse serum, plasma and cell culture supernatants. The density of color is proportional to the amount of GR captured from the samples.

Glycogen phosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.1) catalyzes the rate-limiting step in the glycogenolysis pathway, cleaving the α1-4 glycoside bonds on linear glycogen chains to release glucose and utilizing inorganic phosphate to produce glucose-1-phosphate (G1P). In mammals, glycogen phosphorylase is abundant in muscle, liver and brain tissues. There are two forms of glycogen phosphorylase, namely glycogen phosphorylase a and b isoforms. Glycogen phosphorylase a is the highly active form found in muscle tissue, whereas glycogen phosphorylase b isoform has only limited activity. Glycogen phosphorylase is a clinically significant enzyme, as various mutations are associated with different congenital glycogen storage diseases affecting both muscle and liver. In addition, this enzyme has been suggested as a biomarker for gastric cancer and has been investigated as a drug target for treatment of type 2 diabetes. Glycogen Phosphorylase Activity Assay Kit is based on the detection of glucose-1-phosphate by a set of enzymatic reactions, ultimately reducing a fluorogenic probe to form a stable fluorophore measured at Ex/Em = 538/587 nm. The intensity of the fluorescence is directly proportional to the glycogen phosphorylase activity in samples. Glycogen Phosphorylase Activity Assay Kit is rapid, sensitive and convenient tool for detecting glycogen phosphorylase activity. The kit can detect as low as 30 μU of enzyme activity in a variety of sample types.

Granzyme B is a serine protease expressed by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and natural killer (NK) cells and functions in cell-mediated immunity. Granzyme B (human) ELISA Kit is based on the standard principle of a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A mouse monoclonal antibody specific for human Granzyme B is coated on a 96-well plate. Standards and test samples are added to the wells and Granzyme B present in a sample is bound by the immobilized antibody. A biotinylated polyclonal antibody from goat specific for Granzyme B is added subsequently. After washing away the unbound biotinylated antibody with PBS or TBS buffer, avidin-Biotin-Peroxidase Complex is added to the wells. The wells are again washed with PBS or TBS buffer to remove the unbound conjugates. HRP substrate TMB is used to visualize the HRP enzymatic reaction. TMB is catalyzed by HRP to produce a blue product that changes into yellow after adding acidic stop solution. The density of yellow color is proportional to the human Granzyme B captured onto the plate. This ELISA kit shows no cross-reactivity with other relevant proteins. Detection Range: 15.6 pg/mL – 1000 pg/mL. Sensitivity: < 10 pg/mL.

Glutathione S-transferase (GST) is a family of enzymes that play an important role in detoxification of xenobiotics. GST catalyzes the formation of the thiol group of glutathione to electrophilic xenobiotics. It utilizes glutathione to scavenge potentially toxic compounds including those produced as a result of oxidative stress and is part of the defense mechanism against the mutagenic, carcinogenic and toxic effects of such compounds. The GST Fluorometric Activity Assay Kit provides a simple, fluorescence-based in vitro assay for detecting the GST activity using fluorescence plate reader. The assay utilizes monochlorobimane (MCB), a dye that reacts with glutathione. The free form of MCB is almost nonfluorescent, whereas the dye fluoresces blue (ex/em = 380/461 nm) when reacts with glutathione. GST catalyzes the MCB-glutathione reactions and the fluorescence levels are proportionally to the amounts of GST presence in the reaction. Thus, the GST level in samples can be easily detected using a fluorometer or a 96-well fluorometric plate reader. The kit can detect GST activity in crude cell lysate or purified protein fraction, and also quantitate GST-tagged fusion protein. Detects < 0.5 mU.

Histone Acetyltransferases (HATs) are enzymes that acetylate histone substrates resulting in important regulatory effects on chromatin structure and assembly, and gene transcription. Modifications of these proteins by HATs play an important role in the control of gene expression, and their dysregulation has been linked to cancer, neurodegeneration, and other diseases. HAT Activity Assay Kit utilizes Acetyl CoA and H3 histone peptide as substrates. In this assay, HAT enzyme catalyzes the transfer of acetyl groups from Acetyl-CoA to the histone peptide, thereby generating two products - acetylated peptide and CoA-SH. The CoA-SH reacts with the developer to generate a product that is detected fluorometrically at Ex/Em = 535/587 nm. The assay can detect HAT activity as low as 6 mU in a variety of samples.

Inhibition of histone deacetylase (HDAC) has been implicated to modulate transcription and induce apoptosis or differentiation in cancer cells. However, screening compounds for HDAC inhibition has been difficult due to the lack of convenient tools for analyzing HDAC activity. The Fluorometric HDAC Activity Assay Kit provides a fast and fluorescence-based method that eliminates radioactivity, extractions, or chromatography, as used in traditional assays. The new procedure requires only two easy steps, both performed on the same microtiter plate. First, the HDAC substrate, which comprises an acetylated lysine side chain, is incubated with a sample containing HDAC activity (e.g., HeLa nuclear extract). Deacetylation of the substrate sensitizes the substrate, so that further treatment with the Lysine Developer produces a fluorophore. The fluorophore can be easily analyzed using a fluorescence plate reader or a fluorometer. The assay is well suited for high throughput screening applications. HDAC inhibitors and antibodies are also available separately.